The current imbalance between solar radiation reaching the Earth and thermal infrared leaving the Earth is largely seen as heating of the oceans. But the oceans are large and have enormous heat capacity, so within the bulk of the oceans the average temperature rise is small. The ocean depths act like a huge heat sink reducing the rate of temperature change.
However the surface waters of the oceans do not conduct heat to the depths very well, so the surface waters are relatively warm. This surface water warms the air. As the air has very low heat capacity it warms quickly and closely tracks the water temperature. The cycle of evaporation and rain enhances the process of transferring heat from the surface water to the air.
Evidence
Historically ships and buoys have measured surface temperatures and this data can be collected and analysed long term trends.
More recently the Argo buoy network has been setup.
And of course there are satellite measurements. See: MODIS Web
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